Performance - Dance Essay Example for Free

Performance Dance EssayContent the carrying out we aphorism was a very simple setting with surprising contemporary dancing. It was a group of 6 dancers but 7 including the choreographer. Some very impressionable moments were when they would do the lifts and floor work all together I felt it was very strong and interesting.Interpretationconnection three important things I feel the consultation should know about the performance is that the piece was a very different modern type of dance, it was based on animal instinct, and there was no detail genre of dance used for the performance to be based on. The most impressionable moment or me was when the dancers were each lined up separately with their backs towards the interview in between the pillars on the back wall up stage, I like this moment because I pattern the lighting and spacing really caught everyone in the audiences eye.I felt the modern aspect, the theme of animal instinct and there being no exact genre of dance made me more informal to the performance as art because I didnt try to compare it to anything else I just watched it for what it was. For example at first I felt it was very unearthly but as it went it went on I grew to be more open to it.Elements of dance shape- The use of shape in the performance was unlike anything I confirm ever seen, they used every shape humanly possible but still made it look effortless and keep the audience watching. Space- The performance was hygienic spaced at many times they were perfectly spaced between the large lines on the floor which was very cool looking. Time- There was no limited time ever really used because they has medicinal drug that had no set beat or time. Dynamic- they used a large amount of emotion for this performance it was eccentric and really brought the piece to life through there dancing.Overall impression My impression of the performance is I thought it was a very unique and strong piece of dancing. I liked the use of shape and sp acing I thought they were done very well, but I didnt like the music I didnt really think it was the best for the dancing and they could have chosen much better music since the dancing was so strong. Overall I thoughtit was a strong and well done performance.

Summer Love by Carlisle Naudyn Caroro Essay Example for Free

Summer Love by Carlisle Naudyn Caroro EssayIce cream on a hot day. exit to the beach. Sleepless nights. Good hair days. Taking a leisure walk along the boulevard. ILC 2013 in Metro Manila. A Hong Kong Disneyland spree. Frolicking under the sun and simply alive in that momentjust a few of the things I planned for my spend bucket list. My thoughts were more tangled than the students around me as we gather for our commencement exercise Exercises. My left eye got badly infected and glum crimson red, the main reason I never had the chance to present with my class. I climbed up the stage, got my cede as the standing 1st Honor and got teary-eyed (not because I was in a sentimental condition but because I can barely cave in my left eye). Having my eye infected made me dislike the start-off of my summer. Well, I wont say I am lucky. But indeed, I was blithesome that the infection nursed back to normal the next day. Now, I can clearly see Gods beautifully engineered creations. And finally This is SUMMER. We had school consummate early. My family spent the Holy Week at home. We had our Lenten Diet and we never planned to go out somewhere until the weeks done.Ive got 9 weeks to enjoy summer and without a doubt, Ive got all the time. I take careed back on my summer bucket list, read it all throughout. Undeniably, my summer didnt turned out to be the way I wanted it to be. The first of April, I got myself enrolled in a summer voice class in Silliman University College of Performing optical Artswhich is actually, not a part of my summer bucket list. Classes will be commencement on the 10th but my schedule would be starting on the 16th. Its still a little bit early. I was uncertain to do so since my sister isnt with me anymore.I started attending summer classes in SU since I was 9 years old. With my sister whose in college right now. I was sort of afraid going there alone. That is why I got doubts in doing so but since music is what my heart screams for, I we nt for it. My parents both worked in a state college and they will be having a seminar in Bacolod on the 10th. two by two thoughts conquered my mind if one way or another, I should go or not. Well, Bacolod is still a strange and unfamiliar place for me since I bedevilnt been there plus its in Region VI.Yet my determination to travel pushed me to explore more on some abstruse shores and that while Im still young and my knees are still strong, I have to GO. So thats it, we travelled to Bacolod with the company of my parents officemates. 9th of April, we headed to Dumaguete City and traveled by land (Well, because air flights cause too much expense) My patience lengthened cause I have to sit on a bus topology for freaking 7 hours which Im not really used to. We stopped by several bus terminals and a huge one with a diet chain to take lunch. Then, went on.A feeling of astonishment showed in my face because a huge mall was standing just in see of the hotel, Gaisano Bacolod Mall. I got myself indulged in a movie house, watched Star Cinemas two of the recent successful moviesIt Takes A Man A Woman and Must Be Love, both actually deserved a standing ovation. I as well got the chance of going to SM Bacolod. It was there my Mama bought me a new-fangled LG earpiece and beyond doubt, I was happy. Witnessing the dancing lights, the busy crowd in the amazing Panaad Festival was one of a kind.I got myself camera-captured in umteen of the native booths. I got myself pretty awed too, in Mambukal Resort. The beauty of the falls, the warm sound of the flowing river and the diverse kinds of butterflies in their sanctuary truly caught my eyes. Bacolod, the city of smiles (which is true), gave me a wondrous look and I really wanted to live there but there are too many alien coasts I have to explore. I proffer Adieu to Bacolod and continued my journey. The 16th of April came and my first class started. I went there alone, by the way and I was kind of proud of myself.I sti ll have 2 upcoming classes on the 23rd and on the 30th which means I still have to be more independent. Eating alone at Mc Donalds, walking to school alone and riding a fast craft to and fro all alone proved it. Within the leisure days, I stayed at home and there were days I met with a couple of friends from my YFC community. I was undoubtedly fortunate that Palarong Pambansa 2013 was held in Dumaguete and the date falls exactly on the week Im having my second classes. So, I had the chance of witnessing Philippines best athletes play around courts and fields.Lucky, indeed. Then came May. The house was a bit of busy since fetes fast approaching. I was actually overwhelmed when the day of the fiesta arrived, just the mere fact of families and friends coming over our house, the food and the moments. A day after the fiesta celebration, I went back to Dumaguete to have my progress recital. My Nanay accompanied me since my bewilders busy taking good care of my father, which is actually in bed for how many days. A feeling of anxiety conquered my whole body that day because I will be rendering a version of Les Miserables On My Own.I ran into students just like me. They had their stories and I can see it by the way they look and among the many of them, I was caught by a good-looking lad who had a freaking amazing voice. Sincerely I was a little bit boosted and inspired that somehow somewhere there are still good-looking guys who are fanatical in music. *wink* I would say I did a great job singing that moment cause I got a feeling of carbon% satisfaction. I really had quite a successful day. The next day, my father got confined in Perpetual Succour Hospital for a week in Cebu.I had to be there to accompany my mother. I traveled all aloneanother proof of my independence. I was a little bit roily that my mother wont allow me to perform in our last summer recital since my family had expenses the past days. It has been my lifelong dream to perform in front a huge crowd and just give happiness and inspiration to young people like me. Yet after we went home, the heavens granted my prayers and my mother gave me the consent. It was May 14 when Papa got confined again in Holy Child Hospital in Dumaguete due to his dialysis sessions.Actually, every time I look at my fathers face, I feel down and I just want to cry but I have to be strong. So, my family stayed in Dumaguete for a week after the elections. While they were busy taking care of my father, I was as well busy going to Silliman COPVA to have rehearsals for our final performance. I wasnt aware of the costume we had to use for the act and I didnt bring any back home. My mom was in a full validate condition and gave me all the things I needed. We had a 2-day show. We performed a Glee-song medley. The first one was a success.I got teary-eyed singing Keep Holding On since my family was dispatch on the performance. But the show must go on and by the way, I knew the name of the good-looking lad with the freaking amazing voice and I got the fortitude to talk to him. 5 points We became friends and yes, I was happy. The last day, my mother was there and my fighting spirit got braver and I performed like it was the last performance of my life. Moreover, I fished some friends. I spent the following days on my cousins home and my grandpas since theyre having a fiesta celebration.Ive had memorable experiences with my family which I havent experience a year ago due to some busy days. On the 28th and 29th, the omnipotent conquered our province when we had our CFC-YFC ProvCon themed iFollow. The experience was beyond priceless that whenever I raised my hand to sing and worship, I feel saved and redeemed and thats how powerful Gods grace is. Im not luck indeed but Im blessed and highly-favored that the last few days of my summer was spent to exalt the Almightys name. So thats it. I didnt have chances to go to beaches but I had the chance to be in the city of smiles.

Definitions and Causes of Intellectual Disabilities

Definitions and Causes of Intellectual DisabilitiesTask 11.1 debate 2 definitions of intellectual deadening in accordance with a recognized source. Definition 1Intellectual balk means a signifi bathroomtly reduced ability to understand smart or complex information and to learn and apply new skills (impaired intelligence). This results in a reduced ability to cope independently (impaired social functioning), and begins before adulthood, with a lasting effect on development. (World health Organization, 2014)Definition 2Intellectual disability is a disability characterized by signifi assholet limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behaviour as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills. This disability originates before the age of 18. (Ameri substructure knowledge on Intellectual and Development Disabilities, 2008)1.2 Using a definition of intellectual disability give 2 examples of how this impacts on the persons adaptive skillsConceptua l skills much(prenominal) as reading time, counting money, reading and writing, expressing something be affected.Practical skills such as mobility, meal preparation, using telephone or mobile and daily living skills such as eating and dressing up are as well as impaired.Using a definition of intellectual disability give 2 explanations of how this impacts on the persons cognitive abilityAn intellectually disabled person has problems in thinking and reasoning things to make sense of them and utilize that information or advise in the daily living.Such as person too has problems in interpreting the tone in the voices speaking to them and communicating properly with opposite people.Task 22.1 Give 2 examples of causes of intellectual disability that buy the farm before birth and describe two (2) main characteristics of the set up.E.g.1 Genetic DisorderChromosome abnormality or disorder in the genes woefullife lead to intellectual disability before birth.(American Association on I ntellectual and Development Disabilities, 2008) of import CharacteristicsOne of the examples of Intellectual Disabilities ascribable to genetic disorder is Downs Syndrome. Downs Syndrome occurs due to abnormality in chromosome 21 whereby there is an additional Chromosome 21. It can occur in any family of any race, religion or culture. Babies or children with Downs Syndrome depict small chin, almond shaped eyeball and a around face as physical characteristics. Such children will also halt a oversized tongue and much shorter limbs.Another shell of disability caused by genetic disorder is Prada Willi Syndrome. With Prada Willi Syndrome, there is abnormality in chromosome 15. There is a minute gene slice in the chromosome 15. The reason for this deletion is remains unknown. People with such disability tend to suffer from food craving and weight gain mainly.E.g. 2 Brain developmentCaused by environsal factors such as consumption of alcohol by the mother during maternity, drugs, in fection, other environmental toxins and unknown factors. Brain or portion of it is damaged due to picture show to such elements.(American Association on Intellectual and Development Disabilities, 2008) main(prenominal) CharacteristicsAn example of such is Foetal alcoholic beverage Syndrome, caused by exposure to alcohol intake during pregnancy by the mothers. There is interference by alcohol in the delivery of food ( provender) and oxygen to the brain, which affects the brain development and the connection of brain to the other variety meat of the body. These children have shorter than average height, have small head and small eyes with low birth weight and have flat face too. characterization to environmental toxins such as methyl in the air (whereby methyl molecules replace hydrogen in the air) leads to Fragile X Syndrome. Children with Fragile X-Syndrome would have been affected by DNA rearrangements and this is more common in males. These children or males generally tend to ha ve large testicles.2.2 Give 2 examples of causes of intellectual disability that occur during or immediately following birth and describe 2 main characteristics f the effects.E.g. 1 Low Birth WeightChildren with low birth weight can also be impaired and classed under intellectual disability.Source (Centre for Disease Control, 2013)Main CharacteristicsThe child with low birth weight of basically below 2.5kg only especially below 1.5kg have great risks and chances of having cerebral palsy. It is not really a c cause rather a risk factor. Such a child has problems in balancing her/himself due to cognitive impairment.Children with low birth weight can also develop or be affected by epilepsy (World Health Organization, 2012). Perinatal injury factors such as low birth weight leads to brain damage. These people tend to have involuntary episodes of seizure, which can be several at times.E.g. 2 TraumaBrain injuries or harm can also lead to many intellectual disabilities. This can vary in degree yet leave a huge impact. Traumas at times can be prevented but there are certain times it can not be.Source Auckland Goldstar Institute (2014), Powerpoint slides 23-27)Main CharacteristicsOne of it is epilepsy. The brain damage due trauma can lead to epilepsy.People with epilepsy have involuntary movements of the body. This could be referred to as episodes of seizures. Such children/clients may be devoid of awareness of their environment and can also be unconscious for sometime.Another of the intellectual disabilities caused by trauma is cerebral palsy. The brain injury during birth affects a persons ability to move and coordinate.Such clients have problems with bladder or bowel movements. It is difficult to control these.2.3 Give 2 examples of causes of intellectual disability that occur during childhood years and describe the impact of the day-to-day gestate needs of the person.E.g. 1 InfectionsInfections such as Meningitis can lead to epilepsy. Meningitis affects the bra in directly and can be taken as a cause of epilepsy.(Source Auckland Goldstar Institute (2014), Powerpoint slide 23)ImpactThe client will have convulsions now and again. This is due to the brain damage from meningitis infection.There could be partial seizures, which would be eventuating from a small part of the brain being affected.E.g. 2 Exposure to Environmental FactorsWe are exposed to many factors or toxins in the environment on daily basis. Some of these factors can lead to Autism.(Source Auckland Goldstar Institute(2014), Powerpoint slide 33)Impact learn difficulty in speaking, can be repetitive with words or have flat tone of voice. Hence, they experience hardships in communicating with many people.They go through it hard to socialize with large groups of people. This can lead to these clients feelings isolated and as they are unable to develop or make friends.Task 3 draw conditions frequently associated with intellectual disability.Condition 1 EpilepsyCause Epilepsy, anothe r of those common intellectual disabilities has been related to many causes. temporary hookup some times it is unknown, the known factors aregeneticsserious head injuries or severe head traumahypoxia or lack of oxygen during birthinfections such as encephalitis and meningitisMain Characteristic 1Such clients can experience convulsions or seizures. Seizures may be partial. This happens due to injuries to the brain whereby the part of the brain controlling body movements is affected.Main Characteristic 2The person/client may also lose awareness of presence in a place and happenings around it. This also happens due to brain effects resulting from any of the causes.Physical SupportNeed help in ensuring correct administration of medications, monitoring of that these medications are taken, tending to any effects or side effects.Safety of such clients is par derive as these clients have seizures and involuntary body movements. Thus, these clients as well as the family (or whanau) need to be meliorate on what it is and the management (this includes ensuring safety, taking care of other needs, medication intake, taking appropriate steps when a person has seizures) a of epilepsy.A safe environment that is free of and hazards is also needed. The airways of any person having seizures should always be kept open.Social supportClients need encouragement and positive response to help them respect their dignity during and after seizures.These clients also need motivation and support to help them get into studies and be educated.Since epileptic clients can get socially shy and may not mix around with others, they need constant support and encouragement to help them be in contact and maintain communication with her/his friends and co- guideers.Cognitive supportEpileptic clients can end up losing a lot of learning hours and opportunities due to seizures. They thus experience difficulties in learning. This can and often leads to needing additional statement support in terms of using devices such as visual aids, diary for appointments, calendars, memory aids and even a 1 to 1 instructor support. These support modes will be really helpful to them.Condition 2 Spinal bifidaCause(s) Spinal bifida, which is a before birth is a condition whereby a person has incomplete brain, spinal cord and/or meninges development. The type and location of the disfigurement denotes the severity of the condition as to where it is mild or severe. While the cause is generally unknown, it can be possibly related to genetics, folic acid deficiency in diet and also environmental factors.Main Characteristic 1People with spinal bifida can experience bladder or bowel control loss. They have lack of control on them urinating or defecating, on the amount and when they do it.Main Characteristic 2Feeling of muscle weakness or paralysis below the region where the incomplete closure (cleft) or malformation has occurred. Thus, as a result they can also feel loss of sensation in the region b elow the affected area.Physical supportA person with spinal bifida needs assistance with mobility. Walkers or wheelchairs will be required for such people as they have affected lower limbs or are paralytic. Additional support from occupational therapists or physiotherapists may be required together with additional environmental adaptation. Medical or surgical interventions can be required for such clients.Social supportAccessibility to community based activities and appropriate transportation support is required for such people.Education and work opportunities support also need so that they receive similar treatment as other people and so that these people can also cash advance in life.As they may feel shy because of their condition, they will need activities of sports or recreation so that it can espouse them to make friends and socialize with other people.Cognitive supportHydrocephalous (build up of fluid in the brain) can interfere in learning process. Even surgical intervention s can lead to missing school whereby learning is disrupted. Hence, additional support in the forms of having home based learning with tutors and supplementary efforts from teachers in school become mandatory.Condition 3 Foetal Alcohol SyndromeCause the prime cause of this condition is alcohol exposure to the foetus while in the utero. The leads to brain damage and problems with growth. The delivery of oxygen and necessary nutrition is disrupted by alcohol and this affects tissue and organ development including the brain.Main characteristic 1Some of the physical characteristics of the such people are low birth weight, small head and small eyes. This can be basically happening due to lack of nutrition to the foetus.Main characteristic 2 linguistic process and computer address delays are also experienced by these people as brain functions and development had been affected by lack of oxygen.Physical SupportHealth care staff support in forms of physiotherapists and speech therapists wil l be required to assist such people. These staff will help to overcome the difficulties of language, orthoepy and speech.Social supportAs these people have problems with their speech and language they could hesitate in interacting and socializing with other people. Trainings for social skills, interaction and communication with family, friends and others could be very helpful. The clients could improve in confidence and interact with them more. Boosting of confidence and encouraging independency related activities could also provide the necessary support.Cognitive support validating educational activities could be organized with these clients to enable them overcome their speech problems and learning. Language problems can also be addressed through this support. Special education teachers and speech therapists could play vital roles in addressing the needs of such clients.ReferencesAmerican Association of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (2008), Frequently Asked Questions on Intellectual Disability and the AAIDD Definition, AAIDD Information, American Association of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, pg. 1Auckland Goldstar Institute (2014), Intellectual Disability, Powerpoint Slides4-36Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (2013), Celebral Palsy, Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, National Centre on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities. Retrieved from www.cdc.govCCS Disability Action (2013), Spinal Bifida, Types of Disabilities. Retrieved from http//www.ccsdisabilityaction.org.nzPrader Willi Association of New Zealand (2014), What is Prader Willi Syndrom? Retrieved from www.everybody.co.nzWorld Health Organization (2012), Epilepsy, Fact Sheet No999, Geneva. Retrieved from www.who.intWorld Helath Organisation (2014), kind Health, World Health Organization, Geneva. Retrieved from www.euro.who.int

Ebola Virus Symptoms and Diagnosis Methods

Ebola Virus Symptoms and Diagnosis Methods1.1 Introduction to Ebola VirusEbola virus is a combative pathogen that causes a fatal haemorrhagic fever syndrome in humans and animals, which was first identified near the Ebola River Valley in Zaire, Africa, in 1976 (Sullivan, Yang and Nabel, 2003). The Marburg virus and the Ebola virus formed the family Filoviridae (Peters, 2005). The eruption of Ebola fever in 2014 is in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone which has affected the entire country besides in Kayes- Mali Madrid-Spain Dallas, Texas, New York City- United States without wide spread transmission and countries with no current transmission are Nigeria and Senegal (Centers For sickness Control and Prevention, 2014c). The general mortality rate of Ebola hemorrhagic fever is 57% 90% (McElory et al., 2014). Mortality rate in pregnant women is 95.5%, which is non outstanding the overall death toll (Mupapa et al., 1999). The number of cases reported in multiple countries are as f ollows 1976- 603, 1995-315 and in 2014(March)-5481 (Centers For Disease Control and Prevention, 2014c). The virus is genic by dint of direct physical see (WHO, 2014). Ebola fever remains an epidemic for the community of equatorial Africa, with an increase in the cases of outbreak since 2000 (Feldman and Geisbert, 2010).History of Ebola VirusThe affection caused by a negative stranded RNA virus is known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever (Pourrut et al., 2005). It is an acute and serious illness and lowlife be fatal if un overcompensateed (WHO, 2014). The Ebola virus is aboriginal to East Africa and belongs to the Filoviridae family (Chippaux, 2014) .Ebola virus indisposition first appeared in Nzara, Sudan and in Yumbuku, Democratic Republic of congo, simultaneously (WHO, 2014). It was in the twelvemonth 1976 and the disease got its name because it occurred in a village near the Ebola River (WHO, 2014). Since the time of outbreak of the disease, the mortality rates ranges from 50% to 90% in Africa (Sullivan, Yang, Nabel, 2003). The first outbreak in Sudan caused infection to over 284 people, with a mortality rate of 53% (Waterman, 1999). Figure 1 illustrates the historical view of the outbreak (Pourrut et al., 2005).Figure 1 piece EBOV outbreaks in Africa (Pourrut et al., 2005).Throughout 1994 to 1996, not less than five soulfulnessistic active sites of Ebola virus transmission were recognised Cote dlovire in 1994, Democratic Republic of Congo in 1995 and Gabbon in 1994, 1995, 1996 and furthermore the sites were found in or near tropical forests (Peters and Peters, 1999). The 2014 Ebola outbreak is the first outbreak in West Africa and the largest outbreak in the history of the disease, with a total case count rate of 6263 and a total death of 2917 ( Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014d). The first human case to be diagnosed in Africa was a female Swiss entomologist who became ill few long time later, autopsying a chimpanzee dead in Tai National Park, dictated in the ivory coast and this took place during the period of 1994 (Pourrut et al., 2005).Characteristics of Ebola VirusThe Ebola virus is a thread like, single stranded RNA virus with an uncommon, inconstant duration and a branched histology (Paustain, 2013). When Ebola virus nucleoprotein (NP) enters mammalian cells it congregates into helical structures (Noda et al., 2010). The nucleoprotein which is a recombinant is correlated with non-viral RNA (Noda et al., 2010). The complete set of genes or genetic material present in the Ebola is 19 kb long and has seven reading frames (Sullivan, Yang and Nabel, 2003).The frames conceal structural proteins including the virioa envelope glycoprotein (GP), nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix proteins VP24 and VP40 and also non structural proteins, including VP30 and VP35 and the viral polymerase (Sullivan, Yang and Nabel, 2003). A soluble 60 to 70-K Da protein (s GP) and a full- length 150 to 70 K Da protein (GP) are two genes produc ed by the open reading frame of the Ebola virus and these proteins put in into the viral membrane through transcriptional editing (Sullivan, Yang and Nabel, 2003). Figure 2 demonstrates the crystal structure of the Ebola virus.Figure 2 The crystal structure of an Ebola virus GP which reveals a three lobed chalice like structure. The three GP1 subunits mediate attachment to new host cells and are tethered together by the three GP2 subunits (Lee et al., 2008).Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopic analysis revealed that endothelial cells, mononuclear phagocytes and hepatocytes are major targets of infection (Zaki et al., 1999) .The virus is carried by animals and is transmitted to humans, this spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission (WHO, 2014). Handling of ill or dead chimpanzees can also be a cause for the transmission of the virus, among humans Ebola can be transmitted by contact with infected bodily fluids, lineage secretions or tissues (Jaax e t al., 1995).Symptoms of Ebola Virus DiseaseWhen the Ebola virus enters the mammalian cells and infects a person, symptoms start to show between 2 to 21 days, or usually appear after 5 to 7 days after infection (NHS Choices, 2014). It begins with a fever accompanied by severe headache, correlative pains, muscle pain, sore throat, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, chills, low back pain and fatigue (National subroutine library of Medicine, 2013). These symptoms are shown between the incubation period of the virus (National Library of Medicine, 2013). Unfortunately, primary symptoms of Ebola virus disease are nonspecific (Willey, 2014). Patients may develop other serious symptoms, as the disease progress and signs such as eye redness, rash, hiccups, cough, chest pain, indwelling and external body bleeding (for example mucosal surfaces) and difficulty in breathing and swallowing (Willey, 2014). There can also be signs and symptoms of coma, disseminated intravascular coagulation and shock ( National Library of Medicine, 2013).Diagnosis Methods for Ebola Virus DiseaseThe infection, caused by Ebola in the out breaks are confirmed by diverse laboratory diagnostic methods (Saijo, et al., 2006). The Ebola fever is difficult to be diagnosed, as the early symptoms and signs are similar to other diseases such as typhoid and malaria, but if the doctor suspects they use blood samples to identify the virus, including Enzyme- linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) and Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ( mayo clinic, 2014). Currently only the geographic origin of the specimen may give some appointment as to recognize the virus involved (Pattyn, 2014). Laboratory tests used in diagnosis accept virus isolation which is done within few days after the symptoms begin, later in the disease course or after recovery the test of antibodies IgM and IgG is done and retrospectively in decrease patients immunohistochemistry, PCR and virus isolation are performed (Centers f or Disease Control and Prevention, 2014a).Ebola virus is classified as Risk Group 4 which needs natural rubber methods of diagnosis (Public health Agency of Canada, 2014). Blood specimens are generally used to distinguish specific antigens or genes of the virus (Pozos, 2014). One of the methods used to detect Ebola is through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and in this method some doubted Ebola virus undergoes replication and the results are analyzed using electrophoresis (Pozos, 2014).Test done to diagnose the fever also include liver function test, test of how well the blood clots and C.B.C (The New York Times, 2014).Treatment Methods for Ebola Virus DiseaseEbola virus fever has no known restore and antiviral medicines do not work well against the disease (The New York Times, 2014). Brincidofovir, the modified version of the drug Cidofovir inhabits replication of DNA viruses and this drug is used to treat Ebola patients (Rancaniello, 2014). In most cases the patient is hospital ized and will ostensibly need intensive care (The New York Times, 2014). The treatment given for a patient deteriorating from shock includes practice of medicine and fluids given endovenously (Pozo, 2014). The chance of survival can be significantly improved if the following basic involvements are used at the start providing intravenous fluids and balancing body salts, maintaining the oxygen levels and treating other infections if they occur (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014b).An experimental treatment, known as ZMapp which is a combination of three antibodies can be tried, even though it has not yet been experimented on humans for effectiveness (NHS Choices, 2014). If they have bleeding problems he or she might require transfusion of platelets or blood (National Library of Medicine, 2013). Oxygen therapies and pain medications can be given to ease the pain (Kivi, 2012). Supportive treatment methods for Ebola Virus Disease also include medications to control fever, help the blood clot, to control blood pressure and antibiotics to prevent secondary infections from bacteria (Clinaero, 2014).ConclusionThe deadly Ebola virus is killing thousands of naive people worldwide. No known successful treatment is found for cure. Filoviruses, Arenaviruses, Flaviruses and Bunyaviruses are the viruses responsible for causing viral hemorrhagic fever including Ebola which starts from mild symptoms to death. The Ebola virus spreads through the blood and replicates in organs including the liver, lymphatic organs kidneys ovaries and testes .Prevention is only option for the moment. First step of prevention is the spread of knowledge worldwide about the Ebola virus and its efficiency. In order to eradicate the disease the chain of infection can be identified and comprehended as well as further research can be conducted and a particular medicine can be found to cure the disease. Isolating the patient, practice of cautious hygiene and avoiding coming in contact with body fluids can reduce the spread of the disease. In conclusion, one has seen the facts of Ebola hemorrhagic fever as dreadful and gruesome as they are, but instead a more comprehensive approach is required which must include a global perspective and improved healthcare acquired from socioeconomic betterment is vital, which would protect the individual as well as those around the world.Reference ListCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014a). Diagnosis of Ebola Hemorrhagic fever CDC. Online Available at http//www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/diagnosis/index.html (Accessed 10 October 2014).Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014b). Treatment of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever CDC. Online Cdc.gov. Available at http//www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/treatment/index.html (Accessed 10 October 2014).Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014c). Outbreaks Chronology Ebola Virus Disease CDC. Online Available at http//www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/history/chronology.html (Accessed 1 November 2014).Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014d). Ebola Outbreak in West Africa,CDC Online Cdc.gov. Available at http//www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/index.htmL (Accessed 1 November 2014).Clinaero, I. (2014). Ebola Treatment. Online Health Information Brought To Life. Available at http//ebola.emedtv.com/ebola/ebola-treatment.html (Accessed 10 October 2014).Chippaux, J. (2014). Outbreaks of Ebola virus disease in Africa the beginnings of a tragic saga. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Disease, 20(1), p.44. Online inside 10.1186/1678-9199-20-44 (Accessed 11 October 2014).Feldmann, H. and Geisbert, T. (2011). Ebola hemorrhagic fever. The Lancet, 377(9768), pp.849-862. Online DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60667-8 (Accessed 1 November 2014)Fernando, M. (2014). No Sri Lankan infected by Ebola in West Africa Ambassador Ratnapala. Online Sundayobserver.lk. Available at http//www.sundayobserver.lk/2014/08/17/fea05.asp (Accessed 1 November 2014 ).2014).Jaax, N., Jahrling, P., Geisbert, T., Geisbert, J., Steele, K., McKee, K., Nagley, D., Johnson, E., Jaax, G. and Peters, C. (1995). transmission system of Ebola virus (Zaire strain) to uninfected control monkeys in a biocontainment laboratory. The Lancet, 346(8991-8992), pp.1669-1671. Online DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)92841-3 (Accessed 11 October 2014).Kivi, R. (2014). Ebola virus and disease Online Available at http//www.healthline.com/health/ebola-hemorrhagic-feverOverview (Accessed 10 October 2014).Mayo Clinic. (2014). Ebola virus and Marburg virus Tests and diagnosis Diseases and Conditions. Online Available at http//www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ebola-virus/basics/tests-diagnosis/con-20031241 (Accessed 10 October 2014).McElroy, A., Erickson, B., Flietstra, T., Rollin, P., Nichol, S., Towner, J. and Spiropoulou, C. (2014). Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Novel Biomarker Correlates of Clinical Outcome. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 210(4), pp.558-566. Online DOI 10.10 93/infdis/jiu088 (Accessed 1 November 2014).Mupapa, K., Mukundu, W., Bwaka, M., Kipasa, M., De Roo, A., Kuvula, K., Kibadi, K., Massamba, M., Ndaberey, D., Colebunders, R. and MuyembeTamfum, J. (1999). Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever and Pregnancy. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 179(1), pp.S11-S12. Online DOI 10.1086/514289 (Accessed 1 November 2014).National Health Service. (2014). Ebola virus disease NHS Choices. Online Available at http//www.nhs.uk/conditions/ebola-virus/pages/ebola-virus.aspx(Accessed 10 October 2014).National Library of Medicine. (2014). Ebola hemorrhagic fever. Online Available at http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001339.htm (Accessed 10 October 2014).Noda, T., Hagiwara, K., Sagara, H. and Kawaoka,Y. (2010. Characterization of the ebola virus nucleoprotein-RNA complex. Journal of General Virology, 91(6), pp.1478-1483. Online DOI 10.1099/vir.0.019794-0 (Accessed 11 October 2014).Pattyn, S. R. (2014). Ebola Virus Hemorrhagic Fever. Online Available at http//www.itg.be/internet/ebola/ebola-20.htm (Accessed 10 October 2014).Paustian, (2014). Ebola is a filamentous virus with a single-stranded RNA genome. The Microbial ground A look at all things small. Online Microbiologytext.com. Available at http//www.microbiologytext.com/index.php?module=Bookfunc=displayarticleart_id=494 (Access 11 October 2014).Peters, C. (2005). Marburg and Ebola Arming Ourselves against the Deadly Filoviruses. New England Journal of Medicine, 352(25), pp.2571-257. Online DOI 10.1056/NEJMp058109 (Accessed 1 November.2014).Peters, C. J. and Peters, J.W. (1999) An knowledgeability to ebola the virus and the disease, Journal of Ebola, (1999)179, pp. ix-xvi. Online DOI 10.1086/514322 (Accessed 13 September 2014).Pozos, J. (2014). Ebola. Online Austincc.edu. Available at http//www.austincc.edu/microbio/2704w/ev.htm (Accessed 10 October 2014).Public Health Agency of Canada, (2014). Ebola virus Pathogen Safety entropy Sheets. Online Available at http//www.phac- aspc.gc.ca/lab-bio/res/psds-ftss/ebola-eng.phpfootnote1 (Accessed 10 October 2014).Pourrut, X., Kumulungui, B., Wittmann, T., Moussavou, G., Dlicat, A., Yaba, P., Nkoghe, D., Gonzalez, J. and Leroy, E. (2005). The natural history of ebola virus in Africa Microbes and Infection, 7(7-8), pp.1005-1014. Online DOI 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.04.006 (Accessed 11 October 2014).Rancaniello, V. (2014). About Viruses and Viral Diseases. Virology. Available at http//www.virology.ws/ (Accessed 11 October 2014).Saijo, M., Niikura, M., Ikegami, T., Kurane, I., Kurata, T. and Morikawa, S. (2006). Laboratory Diagnostic Systems for Ebola and Marburg Hemorrhagic Fevers Developed with Recombinant Proteins. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, Online 13(4), pp.444-451. Available at http//dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.13.4.444-451.2006 (Accessed 10 October 2014).Sullivan, N., Yang, Z. and Nabel, G.J. (2003). Ebola virus pathogenesis implications for vaccines and therapies. Journal of Virology, (2003) Online 77(18), pp. 9733-9737. Available at http//dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.18.9733-9737.2003 (Accessed 2 November 2014).The New York Times, (2014). Ebola hemorrhagic fever. Online Available at http//www.nytimes.com/health/ guides/disease/ebola-hemorrhagic-fever/overview.htmL (Accessed 10 October 2014).Waterman, T. (1999). Brief general history of ebola. Online Web.stanford.edu. Available at https//web.stanford.edu/group/virus/filo/history.html (Accessed 11 October 2014).Willey, J. (2014). Ebola Virus Facts on Symptoms and the Latest Outbreak. Online Medicinenet.com. 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A Day in the Life of a Senior Crew Member

A Day in the Life of a Senior Crew MemberThe purpose of this report is to be presented to an induction classify at the united airlines where I was asked to brief the new components on the role and responsibilities of the senior caboodle member to increase their knowledge on such. This report is in four paragraph format where it will include the introduction, research findings, discussion and the conclusion on the role of the senior confine man member, the responsibilities of the senior cabin crew member during the stages of a charge, the inform procedures for ensuring Civil Aviation dresser (CAA) compliance and revision of the importance of the role and responsibilities of the senior cabin crew member throughout the stages of a escape will be done, but before we move on the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) compliance is defined by Caa.co.uk. (2017) as the rules and regulations set by CAA that all(a) aviation sector governs under the CAA must(prenominal) follow, if in that re spect is noncompliance then there will be consequences. explore findingsP4 the role of the senior cabin crew member.Be a leader.Manage the early(a) flight att destructionant on the flight, ensuring rule and regulation are existence followed by both crew members and riders.Serve and prepare food and beverages.Assist passengers whenever they need help.Complete all paper industrial plant before and after each(prenominal) flight.P5 The responsibilities of the senior cabin crew member during the stages of a flight.Responsibility during pre-departurePre-flight briefing. pass on with flight and cabin crew members.Make passenger announcements.Complete documentation.Make equipment stop consonants. observe team members and see all pre-departure duties are carried out.Do a cabin secure check.(Essence Learning 2017).Responsibilities during the flightPlan and assist in delivering service to passengers. volunteer solutions to the problem and make decisions.Monitor and manage crew members.( Prospects.ac.uk, 2017).Responsibilities prior to landingMake passenger announcementsCollect and complete all documentationRestrain all moving object like carts and secure sealing of bars, money etc.Do the final cabin checks.(Prospects.ac.uk, 2017).Responsibilities after landingHandover reportsDisarming and open the doorsCommunicate and work alongside flight ad cabin crew members and ground staff.Do a post flight breifing(Prospects.ac.uk, 2017).P6 The reporting procedures for ensuring Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) complianceDefective equipmentSafety incidentsMedical and pledge incidents on boardDiscussionP4 the role of the senior cabin crew member.On the flight there different positions, you have the scratch line pi masses who is the captain, then the co-pilot, they are responsible for everyone on the aircraft, then you have the senior cabin crew member (SCCM) who is responsible for the cabin crew members and not only that but the SCCM is the leader of the cabin crew he is the fi rst person to be called if there is any collar on the flight and the first one to administer CPR in extreme cases . Not because the SCCM is the leader he is there to assist in preparing and help food and beverages and all so assist passengers like carrying their luggage putting it in the overhead compartment etc.one another important role of the SCCM is to complete paper works before and after the flight, he is also responsible for a conducting a pre-flight briefing.P5 The responsibilities of the senior cabin crew member during the stages of a flight.The responsibilities of an SCCM dep closing curtains on how big the crew is and whether its a long or short haul flight and the responsibilities change over different stages of the flight, before the plane takes off (pre-departure ) there is a lot of things to be done in a short amount of time so the SCCM responsibilities is to ensure that the duties assigned to the cabin crew are done. A pre-briefing encounter is kept by the SCCM to outline any change in flight information and safety procedures, aso stating the nature of the flight and any other valuable information to the cabin crew members,SCCM is also responsible for the passenger announces where safety procedure are carried out and need to know information is passed on to the passengers.it is very important that the SCCM keep in communication with the flight crew to be well rounded on what is going on. A cabin check and equipment check is done to ensure that all equipment are working.(Essence Learning 2017).During the flight the SCCM responsibilities are to ensure that the crew members and passengers are safe, monitoring and managing the crew members with on steer decision and problem-solving skills ,the SCCM is all so responsibility for providing serve to the passengers like answering any question they may have and also serve and prepare food and beverage, the sharing of duties to the cabin crew members are also a part of the SCCMs job description (Pros pects.ac.uk, 2017). Prior to landing the SCCM responsibilities differs where he or she responsibility is to ensure that nothing harmful in the passageway, the securing of carts and the serving of hot beverage or serving is paused until the plane passes that stage, documents are also to be completed and handover at the end of the flight.prior to landing the SCCM will make passenger announcements (pas) so inform the passengers of the procedures and the last set of safety checks will be done (Prospects.ac.uk, 2017). After landing the SCCM demilitarise and open the doors, bid the passengers farewell.communication with teamwork is of key importance in getting the work done effectively so the SCCM liaise with cabin crew members, ground staff, and the flight crew to ensure that there is clear understanding if there is any emergent situation or just the caring out of daily procedures.at the end of a flight, a post-briefing is done by the SCCM to go through what happen during the flight and if there is any improvement needed to be done.(Prospects.ac.uk, 2017).For P6 Outline the reporting procedures for ensuring Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) compliance.Safety incidentsCAP 382 The Mandatory Occurrence Reporting Scheme (MORS)Mandatory Occurrence Reporting (MOR) Forms outlining the situation must be sent via email or fax to the director of CAA in your region.A copy of this report must be given to the employer for flight safety reasons.Reports must be sent out within 96 hours of the event.If the situation is deemed hazardous then the CAA requires the reported to send another email or fax to present this information, the same thing is to require if the situation is not hazardous.(Anon, 2017)(See figure 1 in appendix)Defective equipmentThe manufacturer or a suitable authority should be advised of the situation.The organization to which the occurrence report was made or made aware by the person who made the report should notify the manufacturer(s) or the regulative agencie s.Anon ,2017 stated that when any part or equipment involved in an occurrence is being dispatched to another area or organisation for investigation or repair, the item(s) should be clearly identified as the subject of an occurrence report to the GCAA, by appropriate annotation of the tag and all accompanying paperwork.(Anon,2017)Medical and security incidents on boardIn-flight accident reportIn the event of an in-flight accident, The Accident and Incident Investigations Department (AIID) should be notified immediately via call or email, contacts are uncommitted on the CAA website.Then the commander or the operator of the aircraft must report to the CAA.(Caa.co.za. 2017).(see figure 1 in appendix)M1 importance of the role and responsibilities of the senior cabin crew member throughout the stages of a flightThe major role and responsibility that the senior cabin crew member plays are to ensure the safety of the passengers and the staff, by doing this the SCCM have to uphold with the compliance of the regulations set by the CAA and other regulatory bodies by securing and doing periodic checks of the cabin and equipment. The SCCM is the leader if the cabin crew so he/she is responsible for ensuring that the duties are shared equality and being carried out by each assigned member ,the SCCM carries our a preflight briefing and post-flight briefing to ensure information is being passed on to the crew members and then to the passengers, doing this guarantees teamwork and flowing communication to limit confusion and panicking in case of an incident, the SCCM also aids in guest services like serving food and beverages and preparing crew member food this aids in teamwork and shows that no matter the rank you still have to be a team player.D1 Discuss the consequences of poor coordination, including non-compliance with the company and regulatory policies and procedures.May cause injuries(Anon.2017)May lead to cobblers last (Baum, Hedlund, Aristei Goldman, P.C. 2017).the lawsuit (Baum, Hedlund, Aristei Goldman, P.C. 2017).Loss of customers and ruin reputation. (Baum, Hedlund, Aristei Goldman, P.C. 2017).Employees may doze off their job. (Smallbusiness.chron.com,2017)The minify of productivity. (Smallbusiness.chron.com,2017)Cause delay. (Smallbusiness.chron.com,2017)Duplication of duties (Smallbusiness.chron.com,2017)DiscussionFor D1 Discuss the consequences of poor coordination, including non-compliance with company and regulatory policies and proceduresThe aviation industry focus is safety, so procedures and policies are set in place to ensure the safety of passengers, crew members, and the aircraft, non-compliance of these procedures may cause injuries, lawsuits, loss of a job or even death. For example non-compliance of hot Liquids Service Procedures where it states that flight attendants must discontinue service of hot beverage in turbulence and hot liquids must have lids that secure closely, will results in the injury of passenger or crew member (Anon, 2017).Aircraft maintenance is very important and skipping a step or just not upholding the maintenance of the aircraft may lead to death , this is call aircraft maintenance negligence, for example in January 8, 2013 a small 19 passenger aircraft plunged to the ground killing all passenger on the flight including first officer and the pilot, due to the fact the maintenance of the elevator control system and center of gravity imbalance, the pilot was unable to bring nose of the plane back off down, with the plane pointed upwards air was unable to flow over the wings. Airlines who fail to uphold the safety regulation and the coordination of policies and procedures may face with a heavy lawsuit which will in return ruin the reputation of that business leading to loss of customers and is incarcerated if found guilty (Baum, Hedlund, Aristei Goldman, P.C. 2017). The consequences of poor coordination will result in the decrease in production, meaning procedures will not go as smooth as they should because there is delay no one wants to wait especially when they were promised degraded and reliable service, the customer retention part of the business will suffer because of this. The lack of coordination ay cause duplication of duties and allowing other persons not to have a commerce because of poor coordination. This will cause double effort and max time to correct the poor coordination. (Smallbusiness.chron.com,2017)

America the Racist Tyrant Essay -- essays research papers

America the Racist TyrantIn "The Declaration of Independence," Thomas Jefferson shows the King of Great Britain acting as a tyrant to the colonies, and Jefferson declare America to be free from Britain. In the "Letter from Birmingham Jail," Martin Luther King Jr. writes to a clergyman logically analyzing criticisms while communicating to the public his arguments. Jefferson fought for freedom and slump for America. King also fought for better civil rights for his black lot. They both fought for their people, King however fought peacefully with white people, who in return were cruel. This comparing Jeffersons and Kings fought for freedom, different fight color demonstrates racism causing unfairness to this day still exists because the fight for justice and rights still exist which calls for a social contract. Every single valet being has a right to life, civil rights, and freedom. This is a right that Americans base their government on. Jefferson states that &quo tall men are created equal" and man should naturally underpin for every single person, no matter what color or sex they are. (53) Equality in all men however is untrue. Different race, religion or gender oft causes conflicts between people. Conflicts results in discrimination against groups. This can be shown through Kings fight for blacks civil rights. Americans already have freedom and rights, however, the black people are still being looked down. For King and his people, they were treated without respect. The black people "have waited for more than 340 years for our constitutional and God- apt(p) rights."(217) The black people have waited wordlessly while everyone else received their God-given rights. They are rights that everyone should possess however, the black Americans did not because of their color. People are often judged according to the color of their skin. This judging of an new(prenominal) person is often negative and is known as racism. America is known as the melting pot with all kinds of race living there. It is clear that no matter how gigantic a melting pot, it can not contain all race mixed together. As a black man, King witnessed and experienced racism during the requisition period. People were "haunted by day and haunted by night by the fact that you are a Negro" shows that black people were being discriminated.(218) This judging and disrespe... ...or poor, strong or weak in rights to have freedom and justice. Just as Jefferson "has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies and such is now the necessity which constrains them to change their former systems of Government" (54). The colonies have also found equality between them and Britain by becoming an independent government. As King puts it "oppressed people cannot tolerate oppressed forever" (222) people are forever fighting and yearning for freedom from justice. In conclusion, Jefferson demonstrates that by declaring independence, thirteen colonies have given themselves their rightful freedom. However, these freedoms were given mainly to the white. The black, like King, fights nonviolently hard to change the society and government slowly to receive the same justice and freedoms as the whites. When comparing the people in Jeffersons time and the people in Kings time, it is surprising to see that they are both fighting for similar rights on the same grounds, yet King is fighting for it afterwards when America already have the rights. This concludes that racism indeed plays an important role in our past and present as we try to be free from other judges.

Religious Wars Essay -- history

Religious WarsReligion has played a key role in wars and death. Religion is the basis of belief for humans, it is a belief that thither is a higher cosmos that watches over us guiding us, a belief that there is life after death and if we follow these beliefs we shall enter nirvana the most beautiful place. However religion has also played a role in wars, religious fightings in Ireland (Protestants and Catholics). Israelis and Arabs ( beatified Land) and the Holy Crusades of the eleventh century (recapturing the Holy Land). In Israel Jews and Arabs have been in conflict for hundreds of years because they both share religious grounds in Israel. Since the founding of Israel in 1948 there has been continuous conflict between Israel and Arab states. This conflict has been marked by six bloody wars. On both sides, religion has again and again brought the peace process to the brink of annihilation. The prototypic spark between the two sides started in Hebron, the site of the tombs of pa triarchs, building sacred to both Jews and Arabs. Early in 1994 Baruch Goldstein, a religious Jew, opened fire and killed thirty nine Arabs while at prayer. In response to the Hebron killings, two Arab suicide bombers blew up Jewish buses in northern and central Israel. Fifteen died and seventy were injure (Peres 1995 p.177-178). There are still wars going on today, Israel against Palestine The Crusades were medieval military expeditions undertaken by European Christians to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims (Collins new side of meat Dictionary 1997). The word crusade is taken from the Latin word crux (cross) this is a reference to the biblical injunction that Christians carry their cross. Crusaders wore a red fabric that was sewn on their tunics to show that they took on the cross and were soldiers of Christ (Runciman, Steven, A history of the Crusades, 3 vols 1951-1954 Rep 1987). The causes of the crusades were many and complex but religion was the chief(prenominal) facto r. It was regarded as justifiable war, because it was fought to recapture the places sacred to Christians. Charlemagne he made his wars of aggression definitely religious wars. All the world of north-western Europe, which is now Great Britain, France, Germany, Denmark, and Norway and Sweden, was in the one-ninth century an arena of bitter conflict between the old faith and the new. Nations were converted to Christianity by the... ... will stop the religious conflicts is to dream, for as long as humans have walked the earth and believed in a higher being. Conflicts have come from everywhere people try to convert others the Black Robes in impertinent France (Canada) who tried to convert the Algonquians from Animalism, Indians and Black Robes died because of that. Religious conflicts have been everywhere and they are still around if only we could learn that difference is good, to learn together and to micturate together. In conclusion I am not an atheist I just feel that humans feel to strongly about that higher being which we have never seen before, but are so willing to kill and die for it. ReferencesCollins, 1997, New English Dictionary Collier & Son. P. F. 1913 History of Nations vol.12. Ireland-Scotland Peres, Shimon. 1995. The New diaphragm East. New York Henry Holt and Company Wells, H.G. 1949. The Outline of History .1. U.S.A Doubleday & Company Wells, H.G. 1925. The Outline of History vol.3. Fourth Edition Revised. U.S.A Review of Reviews Company Washington chain armour.1998 Washington Post Internet www.washingtonpost.com Runciman, Steven. 1951-1954 Rep 1987 A History of The Crusades 3 vols